Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, with significant consequences for populations in both developed and developing countries. CVDs account for a significant portion of morbidity and mortality in India, and their prevalence is increasing as a result of rapid urbanisation, lifestyle changes, and dietary habits. Understanding the major causes of CVDs is critical for devising effective prevention and management plans.

Major Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases

Diet

• High Intake of Unhealthy Fats: Diets high in saturated fats and trans fats raise the level of LDL cholesterol in the blood, leading to plaque buildup in the arteries and increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• High Sodium Intake: Excessive salt consumption can lead to hypertension, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), over 75% of Indian households consume salt at levels higher than the recommended intake.
• Low Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables: A diet low in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains lacks essential nutrients and fiber, contributing to poor heart health. The Global Burden of Disease Study highlights that low fruit consumption is a significant risk factor for CVDs in India.

Adulteration in Raw Ingredients

Food adulteration is a serious problem in India, compromising the nutritional value of food and introducing harmful substances. Adulterants such as pesticides, chemicals, and artificial colours can harm heart health and contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. According to a study conducted by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), approximately 28% of tested food samples were contaminated.

Stressful Working Environment and Lifestyle

• Chronic Stress: High levels of stress, which are common in modern workplaces, cause elevated blood pressure and inflammation, which contribute to cardiovascular disease. According to the American Heart Association, chronic stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as binge eating, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
• Sedentary Lifestyle: Long working hours and insufficient physical activity are common in urban environments. Sedentary behaviour is associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, all of which are major risk factors for CVDs. According to a study published in the Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, approximately 42% of urban Indians live sedentary lives.

Lack of Exercise:

Regular physical activity is necessary to maintain cardiovascular health. Lack of exercise causes poor circulation, weight gain, and increases the risk of hypertension and diabetes. The World Health Organisation recommends that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week, but many people do not meet this recommendation.

Smoking and Alcohol Intake:

• Smoking: Tobacco use increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. It harms the blood vessels, reduces oxygen levels in the blood, and raises blood pressure and heart rate. According to the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) for India, 28.6% of adults use tobacco in some form.
• Alcohol: Excessive alcohol consumption can cause high blood pressure, heart failure, and stroke. According to the National Health Portal of India, approximately 30% of men and 5% of women in India consume alcohol, with a large proportion engaging in heavy drinking.

Symptoms

Recognizing the symptoms of cardiovascular diseases is critical for early diagnosis and intervention. Symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity of the disease, but common indicators include:

1. Quick Pacing of Heartbeat:
• A rapid or irregular heartbeat, known as palpitations, can be a sign of arrhythmias or other heart conditions. It is essential to seek medical attention if these episodes are frequent or severe.
2. Constant Fatigue and Tiredness:
• Persistent fatigue, even after adequate rest, may indicate heart disease. This symptom is frequently overlooked, but it is critical to consider in conjunction with other signs. According to the American Heart Association, unexplained fatigue is a common early warning sign of heart disease, especially in women.
3. Pain in Upper Left Shoulder and Constant Uneasiness:
• Pain or discomfort in the upper left shoulder, chest, neck, jaw, or back may indicate a heart attack. This pain, known as angina, occurs when the heart muscle does not receive adequate oxygen-rich blood. According to the Indian Heart Association, this symptom should never be ignored and must be treated immediately.
4. Additional Symptoms:
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity or while lying down, can indicate heart failure or other cardiovascular issues. The Global Burden of Disease Study highlights that shortness of breath is a common symptom in heart disease patients.
• Swelling in Legs, Ankles, and Feet: Fluid retention, known as edema, can indicate heart failure. The heart's reduced ability to pump blood effectively leads to fluid buildup in the lower extremities.
• Dizziness and Fainting: These symptoms can result from arrhythmias, low blood pressure, or other heart conditions. If experienced frequently, medical evaluation is necessary.

Remedies

Preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases involves a multifaceted approach, including lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and alternative therapies. Here are some effective remedies:

1. Regular Exercises:
• Regular physical activity, such as walking, jogging, swimming, or cycling, can strengthen the heart, improve circulation, and lower risk factors like high blood pressure and obesity. The World Health Organisation recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week for adults.
2. Balanced Diet and Timely Meals:
• A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is crucial for heart health. Regular, timely meals help maintain stable blood sugar levels and prevent overeating. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) emphasizes the importance of a diet low in saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium.
3. Ayurvedic and Medicinal Intakes:
• Ayurvedic remedies, such as consuming herbs like Arjuna, Ashwagandha, and Turmeric, can support heart health. These herbs have been traditionally used in many Asian countries for their cardioprotective properties. Medications prescribed by healthcare professionals are also essential for managing conditions like hypertension and high cholesterol.
4. Quitting Smoking and Alcohol:
• Eliminating smoking and reducing alcohol intake can significantly improve heart health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The GATS India report highlights the benefits of smoking cessation, including improved heart function and reduced risk of heart attacks and strokes.
5. Yogic Breathing Practices:
• Practices such as Pranayama (breathing exercises) and meditation can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and improve overall cardiovascular health. Studies published in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine demonstrate the positive effects of yogic breathing on heart rate variability and blood pressure.

Cardiovascular diseases are a major health concern in India, but they are largely preventable with lifestyle changes and early intervention. Individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing heart disease by learning about the causes, recognising the symptoms, and living a heart-healthy lifestyle. Raising awareness and promoting heart health are critical in combating India's growing burden of cardiovascular disease.